Aggression Is It ‘Nature’ or ‘Nurture’ - 2434 Words

Aggression is it ‘Nature’ or ‘Nurture’ During our lifetime every one of us feels anger and aggression occasionally, some more than others, maybe as a child in the play ground or later as an adult when somebody cuts you up when you are driving along. But what causes anger and aggression and why do we all suffer from it? Well there are lots of different theories to what causes aggression and where aggressive behaviour comes from. So throughout this essay I will examine the different concepts and theories from different psychologist and develop and show an understanding of Aggression Aggression is defined as behaviour directed towards another living being with the intent of harming or injuring them in someway, and can be defined as either†¦show more content†¦Males will either fight the current alpha male for the role of leadership or submit to him and become a follower of that gang and follows the orders of the alpha male (gang leader) for fear of reprisals. Humans are likely to develop similar behaviour patterns to that of other animals, Lorenz listed the four main drives which are what makes us do what we do and these are: (hunger, reproduction, fear, and aggression). McIlveen, Gross (1998, pp124) Hogg, Vaughan (2002, pp449) The trouble with these two theories is that they are both very hard to prove through research, for example Freud’s theory is difficult to test empirically. As Mummendey (1996) has quoted ‘the essential concepts such as that of destructive energy are so global and inexact that one can derive no precise predictions or hypotheses that can then be tested. The psychoanalytic approach is really only able to attempt an explanation of events or behaviour that have already taken place’. McIlveen, Gross. (1998, pp125) Anthropologist John Dollard and his psychologist colleagues Doob, Miller, Mowrer and Sears believed the Frustration and Aggression hypothesis and according to Dollard et al. ‘aggression is always a consequence of frustration and, contrariwise†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ the existence of frustration always leads to some form or aggression’. He believed there was a link between frustration and anger. Frustration or some kind of frustrating situation or event always leads to anger and anger is alwaysShow MoreRelated The Nature of Aggression (or is it Nurture?) Essay1462 Words   |  6 PagesThe Nature of Aggression (or is it Nurture?) Every night on the news there are reports about murders, wars, and rapes. But the news isnt the only place where people encounter violent or aggressive behavior. Driving home from work, people get cut off and cussed at on a daily basis. At school, children fight over who will be the first in the lunch line. On the street, people get pushed out of the way if they are not walking fast enough. The list could go on and on and on. The point is that humansRead MoreEssay on Nature vs Nurture: Genetics vs Environment1617 Words   |  7 Pagesresearch about. The nature vs. nurture topic has been a continuing debate for many aspects of human behavior, including aggression/violent behavior and criminal behavior. There have been many studies indicating that chemical relationships between hormones and the frontal lobe of the brain may play a key role in determining aggressive behavior as well as genetics, while other studies have explored environmental and social factors that have been said to c ontrol patterns in human aggression. Aggressive/violentRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture : Nature Versus Nurture1337 Words   |  6 PagesNature vs. Nurture There are many different ways that behavior can be explained, especially on the terms of nature vs. nurture. Aggression is a behavior that has been extensively analyzed in a complex manner and the causes of it can be explained many different ways. Aggression can be defined as hostile or destructive behavior that can cause injury or destructive outlook especially when caused by frustration. Nature can be defined as aspects of behavior that have been inherited or are genetic, whileRead MorePsychology, Nature Vs. Nurture971 Words   |  4 Pagesthese are forms of aggression, but does anyone stop and think why we are that way? The answer is found in the classic debate in Psychology, Nature vs. Nurture. Aggression is caused by learned behavior, not through genetics. There are two sides of this debate, Nature and Nurture. Nature refers to something that you’re born with and are not able to change. People that follow this are called Nativists. They believe that the traits that you have are passed down through genetics. Nurture means that yourRead MoreNature Vs Nurture : The Biological Approach962 Words   |  4 Pages Nature vs Nurture is something that has been researched for many years especially when it comes to finding the reason for someone committing a crime. When talking about nature, I am talking about how you are born. The genes that you are born with that make you who you are. When referring to nurture I am talking about how someone is raised. Such as the environment you live in and what is taught to you. As humans we cannot control our nature it is simply what you are born with. When you are born youRead MoreThe Effect Of Environmental And Genetics On The Development Of A Person1000 Words   |  4 Pageshistory of psychology is the debate of whether or not ones environment or genetic background plays more of a role in the development of a person. Both nature and nurture have been proven to play an important role in one’s development. Nature is what we think of as pre-wiring and is influenced by genetic inheritance and other biological factors. Nurture is generally taken as the i nfluence of external factors after conception e.g. the product of exposure, experience and learning on an individual. ThroughoutRead MorePosition Paper: Aggression847 Words   |  4 PagesPhysical assault and aggression is the second leading cause of death among 14 to 17 year olds, next to vehicular accidents (Loeber). But why are humans so aggressive in the first place? There are two sides of the debate: Nature, and Nurture. Some say that it’s human nature, genetics that cause most behaviors, while others say that we act as we learned during childhood. This argument applies to aggression as well. Aggression is mainly caused by things during childhood and adolescence where peopleRead MoreHow Nature And Nurture Influence Substance Abuse1259 Words   |  6 PagesFrom John Locke’s blank slate to modern scientists arguments, nature versus nurture is one of the most debated topic in psychology. Nature refers to genes and hereditary features that plays a role in a personâ €™s growth, whereas nurture refers to any environmental stimuli that contribute to the development of behaviors. A lot of people though believe that nature and nurture are separate, only one can influence a person. In this modern era, majority of experts and people will now agree that both equallyRead More Gender Differences and Gender Stereotypes from a Psychological Perspective1085 Words   |  5 Pagesgender differences. The majority of people seem to believe that males are more aggressive than females. Aggression, is defined as behavior intended to harm another person. Aggression can be found in physical behavior and verbal behavior. The difference in the degree of aggression between the two genders seems much more obvious in people’s youth. Young boys are known to fight a lot, but there aggression seems to fade as they mature. There have been many studies involving gender differences in aggressiveRead MoreNature Versus Nurture Has Been A Big Debate In The Past1433 Words   |  6 Pages Nature versus nurture has been a big debate in the past few years. Debates and arguments from both sides has its own statements which makes their side stronger. Some argue that it is in the genetics if a person is intelligent where some state the opposite, that surroundings make a person intelligent which improves them in a person mentally and physically. In the 1950s psychologist Harry Harlow studied the effects of maternal deprivation on the development of baby monkeys. Some philosophers such

Learning Theory - 1759 Words

Learning theory (education) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2008) This article may contain original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding references. Statements consisting only of original research may be removed. More details may be available on the talk page. (January 2010) In psychology and education, learning is commonly defined as a process that brings together cognitive, emotional, and environmental influences and experiences for acquiring, enhancing, or making changes in ones knowledge,†¦show more content†¦Briefly, a behavior may result either in reinforcement, which increases the likelihood of the behavior recurring, or punishment, which decreases the likelihood of the behavior recurring. It is important to note that, a punishment is not considered to be applicable if it does not result in the reduction of the behavior, and so the terms punishment and reinforcement are determined as a result of the actions. Within this framework, behaviorists are particularly interested in measurable changes in behavior. Educational approaches such as applied behavior analysis, curriculum based measurement, and direct instruction have emerged from this model.[1] [edit] Cognitivism Main article: Cognitivism (psychology) The earliest challenge to the behaviorists came in a publication in 1929 by Bode, a gestalt psychologist. He criticized behaviorists for being too dependent on overt behavior to explain learning. Gestalt psychologists proposed looking at the patterns rather than isolated events. Gestalt views of learning have been incorporated into what have come to be labeled cognitive theories. Two key assumptions underlie this cognitive approach: (1) that the memory system is an active organized processor of information and (2) that prior knowledge plays an important role in learning. Cognitive theories look beyond behavior to explain brain-based learning. Cognitivists consider how human memory works to promote learning. For example, the physiological processes of sortingShow MoreRelatedLearning Theories : A Learning Theory1164 Words   |  5 Pages Learning theories video script 8) What is meant by learning theories? Learning theories are essentially explanations of how learning occurs represented through conceptual frameworks in order to explain changes in behaviour and how knowledge is absorbed, processed and retained during learning. The learning theory adopted during teaching as well as cognitive, emotional, environmental influences and prior experience, all play a part in: A change in individual’s knowledge Ability to perform a skillRead MoreLearning Theories Of Learning And Teaching Essay1128 Words   |  5 PagesLearning Model and Theories in Practice Sheila Morgan Richard R. Wiley School of Education At Walden University Abstract Education has long been the center of reform with new ideas about learning and teaching. Educators are regularly introduced to new teaching strategies, curricula and rigorous standards in an effort to provide effective instruction to students. However, the pursuit of proficiency in mathematics and reading through the use of research-based methods requires an understanding ofRead MoreThe Theory Of Learning Theory1019 Words   |  5 Pagesproposed his Mastery Learning Theory in 1976 (1). However, the idea of mastery learning was not authentic to Bloom; the origin of these concepts were found in the writings of Greek philosophers including Aristotle. Bloom’s major contribution to these principles is time as the foundation of mastery learning is the ability for the student to show they have mastered content before progressing to the next unit or area (2). Bloom’s Taxonomy, born from the Mastery of Learning Theory, is a scale used toRead MoreLearning Theories : Learning Exp erience Essay1419 Words   |  6 PagesLearning Theories 1. Learning experience The learning experience in question is focused on the time a new smartphone was acquired to replace a simple cellphone. The new phone was touch screen type, with Wi-Fi and improved connectivity. In addition, it had Bluetooth capability as well as microUSB capability as opposite to the older phone. The social media and communication applications like WhatsApp, Facebook, Skype, emailing capabilities, and twitter were also part of the new phone. The learningRead MoreThe Information Of Learning Theories771 Words   |  4 Pagesknowledge about how people learn? This course gave me the opportunity to rediscover and learn and understand my learning style and strategies. It provided me with a better understanding of the different learning styles and theories. What I found surprising was the fact that as an instructional designer you can increase the motivation level in the learner. Instruction designers can achieve learning environments and stimulate and sustain motivation, even though they cannot control it. The learner is theRead MoreConstructivism And The Learning Theory1346 Words   |  6 PagesTransfer of Learning: Constructivism Constructivism is the learning theory that focuses on observation by acquiring data and thereafter reexamining, altering, and updating information to be useful in the present time. Humans process experiences, knowledge, and conception of life based on their impressions of their past. As individuals experience an unfamiliar event, they will attempt to integrate it with their knowledge and past, therefore replacing old outdated or incorrect data with new more pertinentRead MoreThe Reflection Of Learning Theory1900 Words   |  8 PagesReflections of Learning Theory Learning to Read As someone who struggled with reading, the process I went through in regards to my early reading instruction was frustrating and difficult. I was a public schools student from pre-school through second grade. During my years in pre-school and kindergarten, I remember learning the letters of the alphabet and the sounds that accompany each letter. As time progressed and I reached second grade, I began struggling with reading words. Due to my struggleRead MoreTheories And Theories Of Learning1616 Words   |  7 PagesTheories of Learning: A theory of learning is defined as contemporary trends in learning. However, in my understanding, I would say that a theory of learning is a manner or way in which a person can be taught. I also believe that there are various theories to learning. To elucidate, all around the world various tutors may use different methods to teach young students. There are two methods which I will be describing in detail, Kolb’s theory from 1984 and Honey and Mumford’s theory from 1982. Read MoreLearning Styles and Learning Theories963 Words   |  4 Pages Building on from the learning styles and theories I have covered, it is clear to see that although they target multiple learning groups; they fail to underpin any techniques, skills and strategies to become an effective learner. â€Å"Many students can perform and obtain good results, but that itself may be insufficient to make them effective learners. Often the distinction between performance and learning is blurred and many students have difficulty reflecting on how they can learn to become betterRead MoreLearning Theories Within The Elementary Classroom2386 Words   |  10 Pagesthe most helpful theories that may be implemented throughout the kindergarten learning environment. Effective teacher characteristics will be identified and why they are imperative for this particular age group. Young children have different learning characteristics and it is important for teachers to recognize and accommodate to the needs of their students. Throughout this course, I have discovered certain characteristics about myself and I will elaborate on my unique learning styles. Within

Law Case Analysis free essay sample

Law Case Analysis Material Facts and Source of Law The plaintiff William Shelensky was a director who owned a minority stockholder of Defendant Corporation called Chicago National League Ball Club, which operated Chicago Cubs. The Cubs had been suffering operating losses from direct baseball operations from 1961-1965. The director defendant Philip K. Wrigley who owned 80% stock shares did not install lights at Wrigley Field so that the Cubs could not play at night when at home, even though the other 19 major league teams scheduled night games. Defendant (Wrigley) claimed that baseball is a day sport and that playing at night would adversely affect the surrounding neighborhood. William appealed a lawsuit against the director Philip K. Wrigley and other directors that their mismanagement of not building lights for night games was contrary and unrelated to business interest, causing inadequate attendance and company financial losing. Oppositely, defendants argued that courts couldn’t interfere business decisions unless there is fraud, illegality or conflict of interest. The source of law is case law where the rules of law announced in court decisions. Mr. Justice Sullivan judge on this case based on previous ground rules deprived from other 10 affirmed cases. Specific Legal Issues The case of Shlensky vs. Wrigley involves both question of law and question of fact. It involves question of law because plaintiff and defendant have different positions in interpreting rules. The Plaintiff holds that fraud, illegality and conflict of interest are not the only bases for stockholder to sue the directors while the defendant hold opposite position. Therefore, it needs judge to interpret and apply the law in this case. It also involves the question of fact, which is whether it likes plaintiff’s saying that defendants’ refusal of constructing lights for night games attributed to the company loss. Plaintiff’s Argument Plaintiff Shensky was advocating for the damages for mismanagement of directors. The plaintiff also required the defendant to install the lights in Wrigley Field and schedule night baseball games. The Plaintiff claimed that night games would help the companys financial condition, and that the sales from attendance at night games would pay for the cost of the lights. However, directors refused to install lights in Wrigley Field because the personal view that night baseball games would disturb surrounding neighborhood. Have the directors been negligent in failing to exercise reasonable care and prudence in the management of the corporate affairs by making decisions, not out of a good faith concern for the company, but for personal views. Therefore, The Plaintiff claimed that defendants were liable for mismanagement because reasons of not installing lights were contrary and unrelated to business interests. Defendant’s Argument Defendant Wrigley was advocating for that court could not interfere cooperate affairs if they did not break the law and contract. Defendant claimed that the reason he insist not installing lights is that baseball is a daytime game and night games would disturb surrounding neighborhood. He also claimed that if night games played, the negative effect from neighborhood would decrease company’s reputation. However, he was willing to play night games if a new stadium was built in Chicago. The defendants argued that their concerning and acting did not break the law, contract and conflict interest. Therefore, the court did not qualify for the responsibility to judge them. Court’s Decision and Rationale The court ultimately revoked the case and affirmed defendants’ failure to schedule night games did not constitute negligence. Firstly, The court feels that unless the conduct of directors borders on one of three elements (fraud, illegality, conflict of interest), the court will not interfere the directors’ decision and behavior. Secondly, the plaintiff’s claims are defective. Plaintiff cannot prove that the decision of not installing lights would bring huge amount of profits to the cooperation because there was no allegation that the night games played by other teams enhanced their financial condition. The plaintiff didnt even take into consideration how much it would cost to maintain the lights. Also, the claim of â€Å"Have the directors failing to exercise reasonable care and prudence in the management of the corporate affairs by making decisions, not out of a good faith concern for the company, but for personal views† is also defective. Because the effect on the surrounding neighborhood is something to be considered when making company decisions, as that affects who attends games as well as the value of the property. The concerning of surrounding neighborhood is a good faith of concern for the company and related to company’s long-term interest. The legal rules used by the court include many court decisions from other similar cases. For example, the court relied on language found in Hunter v. Roberts, Throp amp; Co. , 83 Mich 63, 47 NW 131, 134, Courts of equity will not interfere in the management of the directors unless it is clearly made to appear that they are guilty of fraud or misappropriation of the corporate funds, or refuse to declare a dividend when the corporation has a surplus of net profits which it can. The Justice Sullivan applied this rule onto the case of Shlensky. Lessons Learned from the Case After analyzing the Case of William Shlensky and Philip K. Wrigley, what I will take away from reading the case is that courts protect directors’ rational decisions. These decisions may not be very profitable or right in hindsight, but directors are protected from liability so long as there is no fraud, illegality or conflict of interests of shareholders. It is an important case to analysis because the case tea ches more than just legal principles. By learning law in context of actual lawsuits, in the case of Shlensky and Wrigley, I learned how disputes arise, how plaintiff and defendant deliver both arguments and how the judge applies previous case law decisions into the current case to make a decision. The judge decides the case based on the real facts other than one party’s claiming. Rather than reading pages of abstract statements of law, the rule that court cannot interfere legal business decision are presented more vividly by real problems involving real people.